Implications of human-nature interactions for livelihoods and conservation in Kasungu, Malawi

Effective conservation strategies require a comprehensive understanding of human nature relationships, including the factors driving these interactions. Without this context, interventions risk being impractical or ineffective, potentially leaving both people and nature worse off. We used mixed methods to understand human-nature interactions in Kasungu, Malawi. We specifically examined people's use of natural resources and perceptions of wildlife conservation and their implications for livelihoods and conservation. Over 90% of participants reported collecting natural resources such as firewood, grass, medicinal plants, and fruits to support their livelihoods. While most resources were collected for household use, some served both income generation and domestic purposes. Kasungu National Park plays a critical role in providing these resources, although harvesting is illegal, alongside neighbouring farms and community forests. Households near the park, women, and those of lower economic status were more likely to rely on the park for resources. Additionally, crop and livestock loss experiences were linked to higher resource collection rates. Participants generally expressed positive attitudes toward wildlife and conservation. However, certain factors including proximity to the park, women, food insecurity, and crop and livestock loss were linked to negative attitudes. Our findings offer valuable insights for the design and implementation of conservation initiatives and policies, particularly in communities heavily dependent on natural resources for their livelihoods. Conservation programs and policies around protected areas should capitalize on the existing positive attitudes toward nature by fostering better community engagement. Locally led, inclusive, and nature-positive programs could simultaneously benefit conservation efforts and improve livelihoods.